Scientists in Sweden and Norway say they have identified early biological signals of Parkinson’s disease that can be detected in blood, potentially years before the hallmark movement symptoms appear. The work points to a narrow early window when the disease may be easier to spot and, in the long run, easier to target with treatments.
The study, led by researchers at Chalmers University of Technology with collaborators at Oslo University Hospital, focuses on changes linked to DNA repair and cellular stress response. These processes appear to leave short-lived traces in blood during the prodromal phase, when brain damage is still limited.
Why early detection is difficult
Parkinson’s affects more than 10 million people worldwide, and prevalence is expected to rise sharply as populations age. Yet most diagnoses still come after motor symptoms begin, when substantial loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells has often already occurred.
Because the disease can develop gradually over many years, researchers have been searching for practical screening tools that work before disability sets in. Approaches such as brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid testing can be informative, but they are harder to use broadly for early screening than a routine blood draw.
Machine learning spots a distinct signature
Using advanced analytics, including machine learning, the team reported a pattern of gene activity tied to DNA repair and stress response that appeared in people at an early stage of Parkinson’s. The same pattern was not observed in healthy controls or in patients with established motor symptoms, suggesting it may be time-sensitive.
The researchers argue that this time-limited signal could be useful in identifying people at risk before tremor, rigidity, or slowed movement become obvious. They also say the biology behind the signature could help guide the search for therapies, including evaluating existing drugs for repurposing.
What comes next for a blood test
The team says the next steps include validating the findings in additional patient groups and refining tools to measure the signature reliably in clinical settings. They estimate that blood tests based on this approach could begin to be trialed in healthcare within about five years, though broader rollout would depend on further evidence.
Experts generally caution that promising biomarkers must clear major hurdles, including accuracy across diverse populations and the ability to distinguish Parkinson’s from other neurodegenerative conditions. Still, a scalable blood test remains one of the most sought-after developments in Parkinson’s research because it could enable earlier monitoring and, eventually, earlier intervention.
The findings were published in npj Parkinson’s Disease, and the research was supported by several funders, including the Michael J. Fox Foundation and national research bodies in Sweden and Norway. If confirmed, the work could add momentum to the global push for practical biomarkers that shift Parkinson’s care toward prevention and earlier treatment decisions.
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